Thursday, May 22, 2014

What's Happening in Norway?

Norwegians seem to be getting worried. What could possibly be going wrong? 

Norway maintains a welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system.The country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside the Middle East, from 2009 to 2012.  Today, Norway ranks among the richest countries in the world and the United Nations Development Program  has repeatedly declared this Scandinavian country to be the best country to live in. Norway’s health sector is financed through taxes and is supposed to be equally accessible by all residents, regardless of their income.  Percent Insured? 100%. All Norwegian citizens and residents are covered! Plus, education is free. So. what can be the problem, Ole? Perhaps, life has been too good? Visitors find Norway to be a very expensive country.
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   Stavanger has now joined Oslo in the dubious honor of being among the world’s most expensive cities, which makes it also the most vulnerable city in Norway if real estate prices drop.Houses are so expensive, people can’t afford to buy. Changes ahead?
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 Other Scandinavian countries have a variety of export production.Swedish exports have decreased seven percent in the past year, yet they are doing well. The economy of Sweden is a export-oriented, diverse economy aided by timber, hydropower, and iron ore, and this is the base of
 
    an  economy oriented toward foreign trade. The main industries include motor vehicles, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, industrial machines, precision equipment, chemical goods, home goods and appliances, forestry, iron, and steel. Iron ore and timber constitute the resource base of their economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade
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  “Timber is nearly always available in Finland, which is something you cannot say of all foreign operators,” states Marko Saarelainen, President of Honka Japan, a subsidiary of a  log house manufacturer cooperation, Japan is the single most important buyer country. Japan appreciates wood as a construction material.Their earthquake risk means that Japan has strict strength requirements for structures and joints. These can be met by wooden
Finland's  forestland
constructions.Japanese companies have tested the stability of their log houses during earthquakes. The results were so good that their safety is not questioned. “A log house does not collapse,” according to Saarelainen . Forests play a key role in Finland's economy, making it one of the world's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood-processing industries. Diversification and a wide range of products protects Finland’s export market.
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Much like Norway, Denmark has a broad-reaching welfare system, which ensures that all Danes receive tax-funded health care and unemployment insurance which might account for  Denmark having had the world's highest tax level in 2005 and 2006, at 50.7% and 49.1% respectively, holding this position through 1970-74 and 1993-95.Denmark is home to various types of agricultural production and fur animals – primarily mink, all sectors with a major export.
   The United States is Denmark's largest non-European trading partner, accounting for about 7% of total Danish merchandise trade. Among major Danish exports to the United States are industrial machinery, chemical products, furniture, pharmaceuticals, canned ham and pork, windmills, and the famous and for entertainment, the
popular  plastic toy blocks...The Lego!
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A Danish off-shore wind farm
  Denmark is a long time leader in wind energy and a prominent exporter of wind turbines. There is also a  focus on intelligent battery systems  and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.This modern market economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Not only that, Denmark has considerable sources of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil. Scandinavian exports seem o be well-rounded and doing well. Nothing to worry about.

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A Norway North Sea oil-drilling site
In comparison, Norway maintains a highly regarded standard of living, but  seems to have the smallest variety of export goods while holding claim to be one of the largest oil and petroleum exporting areas. This blessing appears to be a future problem. There has been concern that much of Norway's human capital investment has been concentrated parimarily in petroleum-related industries.Because of the oil boom since the 1970s, there has been little extensive government incentive to help develop and encourage new industries in the private sector, in contrast to other Nordic countries like Sweden and particularly Finland.
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  Norway has not experienced a recession since 1990. From 2004 to 2007, their economy expanded mainly due to high oil prices. Norwegian house prices have dropped 5 percent since August as the market retreats from a half-decade-long real-estate boom. Nordea Bank, the largest Nordic lender, warns that Norway’s housing market may sink as much as 20 percent over the next two years. The oil industry may be a big part of the problem.Norway has always depended on the oil industry to support their country’s high living standards and oil exports are Norway’s most important export. Norway does not have an alternative export product of offset the loss of the oil market.
 If the demand for Norway’s oil decreases, what else can be the chief export?
Lutefisk?


Norway had the foresight to put aside a massive $860 billion rainy-day cash pile, or $170,000 per man,
woman and child. It also has huge budget surpluses, a top-notch AAA credit rating and low unemployment. The outlook for the present time  is fine, but costs have soared, non-oil exporters are struggling, the government is spending $20 billion more oil money this year than in 2007 on  their generous welfare and education  system. This  depends on a steady flow of oil tax revenue and  may not be preparing Norwegians for tougher times.

Handelsbanken economist Knut Anton Mork has commented that Norway must act if it is to avoid decline.
“The oil boom has ended,” Mork said. “Norway needs to rebalance to a more sustainable level, which can be done either through a nominal depreciation or through an internal devaluation of wages.

The " rainy day oil-cash pile" is being used to fuel  the benefits enjoyed by all Norwegians and these funds will slowly be reduced if not replaced by an alternative money source .

Time to plan for the future.

Saturday, May 3, 2014

What's Cooking?

Sooner or later, the weather will settle down to a point when people will be getting outside. Vacations will be organized and people are anxious to shake the winter blahs. It’s time to take a trip. Things are warming up in the Scandinavian country.

 Where can we go to sample some “Old-country” experiences? What do they eat there? Menus in a “foreign language” can be an adventure.Sometimes, it’s good to know what to avoid when you travel!
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One place of interest is the famous business" Ikea". Everyone knows that’s the place to see the latest  modern furniture and houseware.I just found out that they serve food as well! While you’re at the store, take some time to relax  in the Ikea restaurant for a quick snack or stay for a leisurely breakfast, lunch or dinner – the whole family is welcome. For the little ones, there’s  highchairs, changing areas and a play area, plus FREE organic baby food with any purchase. Among the Swedish-style dishes and local specials on the menu, you’ll find healthy organic and vegetarian options, so everyone leaves satisfied.  Here’s a deal: Purchase your meal in the restaurant and you will receive a coupon with your receipt.When you finish shopping, just give your coupon and receipt to the check-out cashier and receive the total amount of your meal deducted from your purchase of over $100!.
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 Due to environmental concerns, the
Swedish furniture giant  is planning to put vegetarian meatballs on the menu in an attempt to cut down on its "carbon footprint".

Customers who flock to the Ikea stores consume 150 million meatballs between their various stores each year, and the company's head of sustainability in the UK said the beef and pork content of its existing meatballs make them rather carbon intensive, and changes are in the planning. The Ikea meatball recipe has been tweaked!.
 In 2013, Ikea temporarily pulled meatballs off the menu after it was revealed they contained traces of horsemeat. Following an investigation, the popular Swedish mealtime favorite was returned to its restaurants.“We had people begging us to put them back on the menu whatever was in them," said Yarrow. Apparently, the horsemeat appealed to some diners!
Food experts  continue tweaking the recipe of its existing meatballs, and that a chicken meatball and a vegetarian alternative would be available for hungry customers in 2015.
In the meantime the company will continue selling its regular meatballs but stated they were striving to introduce lower carbon alternatives for the future.
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So, what’s expected, as different countries have different tastes?National dishes are part of a nation's identity and self-image.During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.Traditional food of Norway draws heavily on the natural resources of 
Norway and the  Scandinavian region. Surrounded by water, Scandinavian cuisine includes lots of seafood. Popular traditional Norwegian seafood meals include Fiskesuppe (fish soup), Røkt Laks (smoked salmon), Sild (pickled herring) and Gravlaks, consisting of salmon fillets marinated in a dill mixture and served with  mustard sauce.The largest Norwegian food export (in fact the main Norwegian export of any kind for most of the country's history) in the past has been stockfish ("tørrfisk" in Norwegian). The Atlantic cod variety known as
Racks of stockfish drying
'skrei' because of its migrating habits, has been a source of wealth for years, fished annually in what is known as the 'Lofotfiske' after the island chain of 'Lofoten'. Stockfish has been a staple food internationally for centuries.For meateaters: lamb's meat and mutton is very popular in autumn, mainly used in fårikål (mutton stew) with cabbage.
And of course, everyone’s favorite..Lutefisk, right? Maybe not..
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Norway has excellent cheeses, but be careful around" Gamalost...Gamalost translates as "old
cheese", a traditional Norwegian cheese. To make Gamalost", lactic starter is added to skimmed cow's milk, causing it to sour. After several days of souring,  mold is  rubbed on by hand  and then allowed to cure for four to five weeks.Literally translated, it means "old cheese." Through the years, its  been named "stinky cheese"  among other adjectives.  It has been claimed that a cook in a Norwegian family brought some home for a meal,but it stunk so badly that she couldn't even leave it in the trash--she had to bury it in the back yard.
 If you buy it for a friend, Don’t forget it in the trunk of your car!
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                                    And, what's cooking in Sweden?...................
 Historically, in the far North, meats such as reindeer, and other
game dishes were eaten, some of which have their roots in the Sami culture. Many traditional dishes are usually simple, contrasting flavors, such as the traditional dish of meatballs and brown cream sauce with  lingonberry jam (similar in taste to cranberry sauce).Sweden's long winters explain the lack of fresh vegetables in many traditional recipes. In older times, plants that would sustain the population through the winters were staples such as turnips , kålrot (rutabaga)  and , later, potatoes in the 18th century.Breakfast usually consists of open sandwiches,
Sometimes, you better ask..
“What is this bludpudding?”Blodpudding is a black pudding .Blodkorv Blood sausage made of pig's blood. Other than pig blood, the ingredients include flour, pork, raisins and spices.The Swedish name literally means "blood pudding". Sweetened and spiced, it is eaten with lingonberry jam, and sometimes bacon.
Knäckebrod
possibly crisp bread (knäckebröd) most often buttered, with toppings such as hard cheese, cold cuts, caviar, messmör (a sweet spread made from butter and whey), ham (skinka), and tomatoes or cucumber. But, again, ask..
World travellers have to make some choices of  local tastes. Adventerous tourist-diners may point to the menu saying “ I’ll try this. Whatever, it is”. Good luck.
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As in Norway, Swedish food is fairly plain. They don’t cook with a lot of spice.There are too many to mention, but everyone knows about Swedish meatballs!  Happy dining!

When driving through Denmark, check out the sandwiches!
 Denmark's  open -faced sandwiches are excellent. Back in “the old days” Denmark was primarily a nation
of farmers and fishermen and the Danish food traditions still reflect a culture of hard working people who need  food that provides high levels of energy and nutrition. You must try  Danish “sild!”. That’s herring and
pronounced “seel”.
Danes have a saying, that “the herring needs the snaps to be able to swim!” And “you can’t have just one snaps, you need two; one for each leg.” Snaps is a Danish and Swedish word for a small shot of a strong alcoholic beverage taken during the course of a meal.In Denmark, snaps will always be akvavit.
When all the herring and other type of fish has been enjoyed, the next course is the open-faced sandwiches. Danes have turned these lunches into a real art form with a huge variety of food using dark rye bread, cold butter and a selection of cold cuts topped with dressings, vegetables and herbs. The open sandwiches, known as smørrebrød, the usual fare for lunch, can be considered a national speciality. It was based on the need to make use of natural products available on the family farm or in the neighborhood. In 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014 the Copenhagen restaurant "Noma" (short for nordisk mad - Nordic food) was named the world's best restaurant by The Restaurant magazine.
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Denmark has a long tradition of fishing, since it is surrounded by the sea, but again, Denmark is known for good cheeses. Their strong cheese is Gamle Ole ("Old Ole"- Ole is a man's name), a brand of  cheese that has matured for a long period of time. It can be bitingly strong. It is often served in combination with sliced onion on Danish rugbrød spread with lard.One might also refer to Gamle Ole's pungency when talking about things that are not quite right, i.e. "they stink". Again, Denmark has something in common with Norway!
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  For those of you who have enjoyed a Finnish sauna and are looking for something to eat...
Sauteed Reindeer
 The country's harsh climate is tough on vegetable production. In the past, fresh fruit and vegetables were largely unavailable for nine months of the year, and this led to a heavy reliance on things like turnip and potatoes.,  Forests and lakes are major food-sources, providing long traditions of hunting and fishing in Finland, as hunters focused on deer, moose and bear. Approximately 70,000-80,000 moose are culled yearly, producing significant amounts of meat.  Moose meat is mainly consumed within households, while Finnish restaurants are accustomed to serving reindeer dishes.
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 In the summer and fall, it is still quite common to go picking berries
straight from the forests. Wild raspberries, bilberries and lingonberries (cowberries) are found in almost every part of Finland. Every country has it’s traditional food and drink.
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 There are WAY too many to mention for each country and I'm getting hungry!.

 Enjoy, but read the menu carefully. You never know what’s cooking!

Friday, April 11, 2014

Only God Can Make....

It must be Spring!

Now that the sun is warming up the ground, trees will soon be full of buds and blossoms. Maples will be seen with pails hanging as the sap is collected and turned into maple syrup and sugar. All those bare-looking trees will soon be fully functional once again. Fully-loaded logging trucks will again be seen on the highways.
Charcoal ovens used in 1876
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Nowadays, steel and concrete are the predominant materials used to construct tall buildings and long-span bridges, but wood is still used as a major material in houses, smaller buildings, for decorative purposes and furniture. It is also a raw material for pulp-based products such as paper. Although wood is, in many cases, replaced by stronger and lighter materials, it is still in great demand. Earlier day pioneers used trees for their cabins and wood was essential for winter survival.Later the  iron industry began in forested areas since trees were necessary to create charcoal, the fuel used in ovens for steel smelting. This created a large demand for cut trees. At this time, the loss of trees has created environmental problems.

                                       Wood is currently being used in high demand for furniture.

Ikea, which made global profits of £2.7billion last year, is believed to use around one per cent of the world's wood supply.
Scandinavian giant Ikea has had a forestry stewardship certificate suspended after it was revealed the furniture chain has been cutting 600-year-old trees from protected woodlands.
The Forest Stewardship Council, which promotes the responsible management of the world's woodlands, says the wood Ikea cuts from forests in Karelia, Russia isn't being harvested sustainably.
"Swedwood", the Swedish firm's forestry subsidiary, has been refused certification by the international not for-profit organisation for its Karelia operation until action is taken.
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Is Ikea cutting down 600-year-old trees to use for  furniture?
A majority of these forest-cutting rules have already been corrected as an Ikea spokesperson has stated:
'We take our responsibility for the forests and the people who work there very seriously and we appreciate that correcting the deviations will improve the way we manage the forest in Karelia".
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Trees have been in the news since the beginning of time. Adam and Eve were warned not to have anything to do with a tree. When they didn’t listen, they got into a lot of trouble
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 Scandinavian history includes a very special tree. In Sweden. it’s called a Värdträd, and in Norway a Tuntre: a sacred tree planted in the center of the yard on a family farm. The caring for the tree demonstrates respect for ancestors. Spirits are believed to reside in the tree and is a moral reminder of caring for the farm or place where one lives. Older Norwegians believed that the tuntre provided a direct connection with the nature spirits that lived underground at his farm. This tree would protect the family and create happiness and success. A damaged tree could result in illness and misfortune for those who lived on the farm. The tree was also a protection  in storms. The lightning would rather choose the high tree than the low-lying house.
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This tradition of sacred trees in Scandinavia goes back to the pre-Christian Viking Age. However, younger Scandinavians are no longer aware of this tradition and in another generation, many of these beliefs and the trees themselves may disappear.
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Yggdrasil is The Scandinavian World Tree
Yggdrasil (EEG-draw-sill)
According to Norse myths, the end of Asgard, the world of the gods and home to Odin and Thor, is brought about by the death of Yggdrasil, the great ash tree of life and wisdom. From this tree, Odin hung upside down for  nine days and losing the sight of one of his eyes in exchange for the wisdom of the runes, and intuition of the goddesses.
The myth goes on:
Icelandic historian, poet, and politician Snorri Sturluson, who wrote the prose "Edda": around the year 1200, wrote about this mystical tree.This was his story:
“In the middle of Asgard where the gods lives, is Yggdrasil, the tree of life. This eternal green ash tree has branches stretching out over all of the nine worlds extending up and above the heavens.
At the very top of Yggdrasil, there lives an eagle and down by the roots of the tree lives a dragon named Nidhug. The eagle and the dragon are bitter enemies and they truly despise each other. A squirrel named Ratatosk is spending a lot of time each day, running up and down the tree. Ratatosk does whatever he can  to keep the hatred between the eagle and Nidhug alive.”
       (Squirrels never change!)
The Scandinavian mountainous terrain is often surrounded by deep valleys and it is only in these valleys that any trees are found. From these main valley systems, there are numerous side valleys. These side valleys are virtually the only area for forests that  have provided building materials and fuel for centuries. Around 600m altitude, these forests give way to the mountain birch
woods which grow up to 800m.  Scandinavian forests do not contain a wealth of species. The reason for this is the northerly location, plus the fact that after the glacial period, the sea forced most of the species to cease reproduction in Scandinavia, except for Denmark.
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Here, in the USA, we are accustomed to large forests, however much of the virgin trees have been removed. Only in selected areas has  “tree-history” been so important that “Old Trees” are now protected.
                                                     How old is “old”?
Our famous “Redwoods”grow in a very narrow strip along the coast of California from the extreme southwestern corner of Oregon to 150 miles south of San Francisco in the Soda Springs drainage of Big Sur.  Redwoods do not grow naturally beyond this belt. A redwood is a rapidly growing tree, and some individual trees have been measured at more than 360 feet in height, making it the tallest measured tree species on the earth. Exceptional individuals sometimes reach a height of 350 feet, and an age of approximately 2000 years.
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The famous Sequoia Washington
In California’s Sequoia Camp-Kings Canyon National Park, visitors can view the Sequoias,  a genus of the redwood coniferous tree. One of these huge, old and protected trees is one called Washington...
a popular tourist attraction. Research of 2002 has shown that its age is about 2,850 (+/- 300) years. Another Sequoia named Methuselah has been dated to be 4,845 yrs-old!
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          However, these trees are youngsters compared to a Swedish tree. The world's oldest recorded tree is a 9,550 year-old spruce in the Dalarna province of Sweden. Spruce trees have proved to be a tenacious survivor that has endured by growing between other trees and smaller bushes, keeping pace with the dramatic climate changes over time.
  A 9,550 year-old spruce in the Dalarna province of Sweden
 The visible portion of this 13-foot-tall  tree isn't ancient, but its root system has been growing for 9,550 years, according to a team led by Leif Kullman, professor at Umeå University's department of ecology and environmental science in Sweden. The spruce's stems or trunks have a lifespan of around 600 years, "but as soon as a stem dies, a new one emerges from the same root stock," Kullman explained. "So the tree has a very long life expectancy." Trees much older than 9,550 years would be impossible in Sweden, because ice sheets covered the country until the end of the last Ice Age around 11,000 years ago, Kullman noted.
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While the demand for wood continues in our present time, we should feel fortunate for reforestration practises. However, our industrial pollution and climactic changes will more than likely add further stress to our atmosphere. We have marvelled at photos of the historic " trees of our pioneer days." Their  future?..

Hopefully, we will
continue to nourish our woodlands for our coming generations.

Wednesday, March 26, 2014

Who Wants the Olympic Games?


Activities in Sochi, Russia have come to an end as the 2014 Winter Olympics becomes history. Next stop: Summer Games of 2016 to be held in sunny Rio de Janiero. Planning and building venues are quickly taking shape while critics are fearful that Rio will not be ready!

Rio de Janeiro, The site of  Summer Games Aug 5-22, 2009

The International Olympic Committee accepts bids far in advance of the events ,and negotiations of competing countries seem to take some interesting, but not necessarily public, twists.Who wants the next event? The Olympic Committee wants to plan ahead!
This will be a first for Rio and talk of “Will they be ready?” is the question on the lips of all interested. This will be the first time a South American city will have hosted the event.

---As for winter-game schedules, here's the bids and deals---

Dragon Valley Ski Resort of PyeongChang, South Korea
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games of winter multi-sport event is scheduled to take place between 9–25 February 2018. Who wants it?
The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC),The cities of Annecy, France in the French Alps, Munich, Germany , and Pyeongchang, South Korea, a two-time previous bidder, competed for the hosting rights to the event.     The winner:
                        South Korea
   


 
The Olympic games have been played in a variety of world events since the first games in France.
The first Olympic Winter Games was held in Chamonix, France in 1924. The sign-board reads:
ETATS UNIS    D'AMERIQUE
 Later events were held in a time when nations were tense with threats of war on everyone's minds..

Chancellor Adolf Hitler opens the 1936  IV Olympics in Germany.




The Olympic games were canceled during 
WWII and resumed in 1948.

Oslo, Norway hosted the Winter Games in 1952.
Ski-jumping at Holenkollen above a large of spectators.
Every event has the latest innovation to aid the athletes in safety and performance. German luge competitors tried a new style of air-dynamic headgear.

German luge team tries practice-round headgear in 1976
   How does the host country become The Chosen One?

There has been much controversy over a country chosen for some events.A scandal broke on 10 December 1998, when Swiss IOC member Marc Hodler, head of the coordination committee overseeing the organization of the 2002 games, announced that several members of the IOC had taken bribes.The Department of Justice filed charges against the two: fifteen charges of bribery and fraud. Those under investigation were eventually acquitted of all criminal charges in December 2003 however, as a result of the investigation ten members of the IOC were expelled and another ten were sanctioned.
----- And that’s not all!----
In 2006, a report ordered by the Nagano region's governor said the Japanese city provided millions of dollars in an "illegitimate and excessive level of hospitality" to IOC members, including $4.4 million spent on entertainment alone.
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Russian Olympic planners  were thinking about a tourist attraction for their 2014 Olympics.Two orca whales captured in the Sea of Okhotsk off the coast of Russia were planned to be moved and displayed in Sochi during the Olympics, but stayed home  in Moscow after officials of a “Whale and Dolphin” protection organization learned of the plans and protested.
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           So, who really wants to host the Winter games in 2022?
Beijing would host the skating, curling and other indoor events in the city, with the snow events 120 miles away in the northern Chinese city of Zhangjiakou. Tough for fans to catch another event!
Krakow would use the Tatra mountain resort of Zakopane in Poland for the ice events, with the Alpine events 95 miles across the Slovak border in Jasna. ( 95 miles?)
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Oslo has estimated the cost of its games at $5.3 billion. Stockholm has claimed it would spend only $1.5 billion, a figure that seems extremely low. The city and national governments have expressed some doubts about Stockholm's bid plans.
Five cities — Almaty, Kazakhstan; Beijing; Krakow, Poland; Lviv, Ukraine; and Oslo — have submitted their bid files to the International Olympic Committee to host the 2022 Winter Olympics on Friday, according to an Associated Press report.
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The IOC executive board will decide what cities will advance to the “final phase” in July, and then a host city will be selected on July 31, 2015, in Kuala Lampur, Malaysia.

Stockholm pulled out shortly after bidding. Public unease over the price and environmental impact of the
Games caused Swedish officials to turn down the IOC offer. Oslo has estimated the cost of its games at $5.3 billion. Stockholm has claimed it would spend only
$1.5 billion, a figure that seems extremely low. The city and national governments have expressed some doubts about Stockholm's bid plans.Oslo has hesitated on accepting the next Winter Olympics. It all sounds pretty expensive!
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Oslo officials stated that “High and Mighty demands made by members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) were setting off ridicule and head-shaking among members of the Norwegian Parliament .
The so-called Lords of the Rings at the IOC have high expectations for how they'd expect to be greeted and treated during a “Winter Olympics in Oslo”. Norwegian politicians quickly seemed keen to lower them .
“Now these people at the IOC really need to be brought back down to earth,” remarked one scoffing Norwegian politician on national radio station NRK1. Apparently, there are many deals quietly discussed during these negotiations.
The process for awarding host city honours became interesting when Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games. Soon after the host city had been announced, it was discovered that the
organizers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favor with IOC officials. Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City's bid. These gifts included medical treatment for relatives, a college scholarship for one member's son and a land deal in Utah. Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000
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When the decision is made, it appears Oslo is not really interested!
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 So, how would a host-country benefit?
Earlier Beijing games were intended to show off China’s spending and organizational power. London’s games were a means of bringing back to life a poor part of the capital to a
Pat Rische
quicker speed . Tokyo hopes the 2020 games will bolster  Japan’s lackluster economy. "It's a feather in the cap of leaders who were responsible for getting the games," said Pat Rishe, professor of economics at Webster University. "Like most host communities, the Russians hoped to increase tourism and expose the world to Russian culture and progress," He went on to say: "It's also the idea that the games will bring development and that the facilities will be used after the games are over. At least that's the feeling."
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 One study says that cities that become hosts experience a 30 percent increase in international trade, as they "show themselves to be open for business with the global community." Sochi games was expected to exceed $50 billion and experts say the money is unlikely to be recovered. In fact," No Olympic Games in history have made it into the black", according to Robert Barney, founding director of the International Centre for Olympic Studies at Western University in London, Ontario.

 So, why would ANY country want to host this expensive undertaking?
Especially with the possibility that the people-in-power of some of these countries won't be around when "their" country is chosen..

Meanwhile, let's enjoy the summer....

Rio de Janerio. Site of Summer Games 2018